Literatura Citada
AEE, 2000. "Almanaque Electr—nico Ecuatoriano. Informaci—n Espacial para Aplicaciones Agropecuarias". PROMSA, Alianza Jatun Sacha/CDC Ecuador, Mud Springs Geographers, CIMMYT, ESPE. Quito.
Akcakaya, H. R., Butchart, S. H. M., Mace, G. M., Stuart, S. N. y Hilton-Taylor, C., 2006. Use and misuse of the IUCN red list criteria in projecting climate change impacts on biodiversity. Global Change Biology 12: 2037Ð2043.
Araœjo, M. B., Pearson, R. G., Thuillers, W. y Erhard, M., 2005. Validation of speciesÐclimate impact models under climate change. Global Change Biology 11: 1504Ð1513.
Araœjo, M. B, Thuiller, W. y Pearson, R. G., 2006. Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 33:1712Ð1728.
Baslev, H. y de Vries, T., 1982. Diversidad de la vegetaci—n en cuatro cuadrantes en el p‡ramo arbustivo del Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturale, Serie Revista 3: 20Ð32.
Becker, C. G., Fonseca, C. R., Haddad, D. F. B., Batista, R. F. y Prado, P. I., 2007. Habitat split and the global decline of amphibians. Science 318: 1775Ð1777.
Berger, L., Speare, R., Daszak, P., Green, D. E., Cunningham, A. A., Goggin, C. L., Slocombe, R., Ragan, M. A., Hyatt, A. D., McDonald, K. R., Hines, H. B., Lips, K. R., Marantelli, G. y Parkes, H., 1998. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rainforests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95: 9031Ð9036.
Black, J., 1982. Los p‡ramos de Antisana. Instituto Geogr‡fico Militar Revista Geogr‡fica 17:25Ð52.
Blaustein, A. R., Hoffman, P. D., Hokit, D. G., Kiesecker, J. M., Walls, S. C. y Hays, J. B., 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 1791Ð1795.
Blaustein, A.. R., Wake, D. B. y Sousa, W., 1994. Amphibian Declines: Judging Stability, Persistence and Susceptibility of Populations to Local and Global Extinctions. Conservation Biology 8: 60Ð71.
Blaustein, A. R., Kiesecker, J. M., Hoffman, P. D. y Hays, J. B., 1997. The significance of ultraviolet-B radiation to amphibian population declines. Reviews in Toxicology 1: 147Ð165.
Blaustein, A. R., Romansic, J. M., Kiesecker, J. M. y Hatch, A. C., 2003. Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diversity Distributions 9: 123Ð140.
Boer, G. J., Stouffer, R. J., Dix, M., Noda, A., Senior, C. A., Raper, S. y Yap, K. S., 2001. Projections of Future Climate Change. Pp. 525Ð582 in "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", editado por J. T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell y C. A. Johnson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bomhard, B., Richardson, D. M., Donaldson, J. S., Hughes, G. O., Midgley, G. F., Raimondo, D. C., Rebelo, A. G., Rouget, M. y Thuiller, W., 2005. Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Global Change Biology 11: 1452Ð1468.
Bonaccorso, E., Guayasamin, J. M., MŽndez, D. y Speare, R., 2003. Chytridiomycosis as a possible cause of population declines in Atelopus cruciger (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetological Review 34: 331Ð334.
Bosch J., Mart’nez-Solano, I. y Garc’a-Par’s, M., 2001. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biological Conservation 97: 331Ð337.
Bradley G. A., Rosen, P. C., Sredl, M. J., Jones, T. R. y Longcore, J. E., 2002. Chytridiomycosis in native Arizona frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38: 206Ð212.
Bradley, R. S., Keimig, F. T. y Diaz, H. F. 2004. Projected temperature changes along the America cordillera and the planned GCOS network. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L16210.
Brattstrom, B. H., 1968. Thermal acclimation in anuran amphibians as a function of latitude and altitude. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 24: 93Ð111.
Brattstrom, B. H., 1970. Thermal acclimation in Australianamphibians. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 35: 69Ð103.
Brothwell, D. y Burleigh, R., 1980. The human cranium from Pun’n, Ecuador, with particular reference to morphology and dating. Journal of Archeological Sciences 7: 97Ð99.
Bustamante, M. R., Ron, S. R. y Coloma, L. A., 2005. Changes in diversity of seven anuran communities in the Ecuadorian Andes. Biotropica 37: 180Ð189.
Cannatella, D. C., Hillis, D. M., Chippindale, P. T., Weigt, L., Rand, A. S. y Ryan, M. J., 1998. Phylogeny of frogs of the Physalaemus pustulosus species group with an examination of data incongruence. Systematic Biology 47: 311Ð335.
Castillo-Trenn, P., 2004. Comportamiento social, reproducci—n, cuidado parental y vocalizaci—n de Colostethus kingsburyi (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Castillo-Trenn, P. y Coloma, L. A., 2008. Notes on behaviour and reproduction in captive Allobates kingsburyi (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with comments on evolution of reproductive amplexus. International Zoo Yearbook 42: 1Ð13.
Cer—n, C., Palacios, W., Valencia, R. y Sierra, R., 1999. Las formaciones naturales de la Costa del Ecuador. Pp. 55Ð78 in "Propuesta Preliminar de un Sistema de Clasificaci—n de Vegetaci—n para el Ecuador Continental", editado por R. Sierra. Proyecto INEFAN/GEF-BIRF y Ecociencia, Quito.
Colinvaux, P. A., 1984. The Galapagos climate: present and past. Pp. 55Ð69 in "Key Environments: Galapagos", editado por R. Perry. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Coloma, L. A., 1995. Ecuadorian frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas 87: 1Ð72.
Coloma, L. A., 1996. Systematics, morphology, and relationships of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae). P. 47 in "Program Notes and Abstracts of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles". University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Coloma, L. A., 2002. Two species of Atelopus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ecuador. Herpetologica 58: 229Ð252.
Coloma, L. A (ed), 2005Ð2008. Anfibios de Ecuador. [on line]. Ver.
2.0 (29 Octubre 2005). Museo de Zoolog’a, Pontificia Universidad
Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
<http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/index.html> [Inquiry:
29 September 2006].
Coloma, L. A. (in press). In Zippel, K y Mendelson III, J. Herpetological review.
Coloma, L. A. y Quiguango-Ubillœs, A., 2000-2004. Anfibios de Ecuador:
lista de especies y distribuci—n altitudinal. [On line]. Ver. 1.3
(2 April 2001). Museo de Zoolog’a, Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica
del Ecuador. Quito.
<http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/index.html> [Inquiry:
5 January 2004].
Coloma, L. A., Lštters, S. y Salas, A., 2000. Taxonomy of the Atelopus ignescens complex (Anura: Bufonidae): designation of a neotype of Atelopus ignescens and recognition of Atelopus exiguus. Herpetologica 56: 303Ð324.
Coloma, L. A., Lštters, S., Duellman, W. E., & Miranda-Leiva, A. 2007. A taxonomic revision of Atelopus pachydermus, and description of two new (extinct?) species of Atelopus from Ecuador (Anura: Bufonidae). Zootaxa 1557: 1Ð32.
Correa-Monge, G., 1995. Comportamiento, vocalizaci—n, y notas biol—gicas de Colostethus awa y Colostethus machalilla (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en cautiverio. Unpublished Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Davidson, E. W., Parris, M., Collins, J. P., Longcore, J. E., Pessier, A. P. y Brunner, J., 2003. Pathogenicity and Transmission of Chytridiomycosis in Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Copeia 2003: 601Ð607.
D’az-Proa–o, M., 1999. Comportamiento social, reproducci—n, cuidado parental y vocalizaci—n de Colostethus infraguttatus (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Unpublished Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Dodson, C. y Gentry, A., 1991. Biological extinction in Western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78: 273Ð295.
Duellman, W. E., 1978. The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas No. 65: 1-341.
Duellman, W. E., 1979. The herpetofauna of the Andes: patterns of distribution, origin, differenciation, and present communities. Univ. of Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Monogr. 7: 1Ð485.
Duellman, W. E., 1981. Three new species of centrolenid frogs from the Pacific versant of Ecuador and Colombia. The University of Kansas Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History 88:1Ð9
Duellman, W. E., 1999. Distribution Patterns of Amphibians in South America. Pp. 255Ð328 in "Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: a Global Perspective". John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Duellman, W. E. y Hillis, D. M., 1987. Marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) of the Ecuadorian Andes: Resolution of taxonomic problems and phylogenetic relationships. Herpetologica 43: 141Ð173.
Duellman, W. E., y Trueb, L., 1994. "Biology of Amphibians". John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
Duellman, W. E. y E. R. Wild. 1993. Anuran Amphibians from the Cordillera de Huancabamba, northern Peru: systematics, ecology and biogeographic. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 157:1Ð53.
Duffy, P. B., Govindasamy, B., Milovich, J., Taylor, K. y Thompson, S., 2003. High resolution simulations of global climate, Part 1: present climate. Climate Dynamics 21: 371Ð390.
ESRI, 2003. ArcMap v. 8.3. ESRI, Redland.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003. The State of the WorldÕs Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Fox, S., Greer, A. L., Torres-Cervantes, R. & Collins, J. P., 2006. First case of ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in natural populations of the South American Frog Atelognathus patagonicus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 72: 87Ð92.
Frost, D. R., 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. [On line]. Ver. 5.1 (10 October 2007). <http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php> American Museum of Natural History, New York. [Inquiry: 7 January 2008].
Funk, W. C., Almeida-Reinoso, D., Nogalas-Sornosa, F. y Bustamante, M. R., 2003. Monitoring population trends of Eleuthrodactylus frogs. Journal of Herpetology 37: 245Ð256.
Funk, W. C., Fletcher-Lazo, G., Nogales-Sornoza, F. y Almeida-Reinoso, D., 2004. First description of a clutch and nest site for the genus Caecilia (Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae). Herpetological Review 35: 128Ð130.
Gallardo, G. G., 2004. Cr’a de una rana nativa de la Amazon’a ecuatoriana. Centro tecnol—gico de recursos Amaz—nicos. Producciones digitales Abya Ð Yala, Quito.
Govindasamy, B., Duffy, P. B. y Coquard, J., 2003. High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 2: effects of increased greenhouse Gases. Climate Dynamics 21: 391Ð404.
Graham, C. H., Ron, S. R., Moritz, C., Santos, J. C. y Schneider, C. J., 2004 Integrating phylogenetics and environmental niche models to explore speciation mechanisms in dendrobatid frogs. Evolution 58: 1781Ð1793.
Grant, P., 1999. "Ecology and Evolution of the DarwinÕs Finches". Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M., 2000. Uplift history of the central and northern Andes: A review. Geographic Society of America Bulletin 112: 1091Ð1105.
Hannah, L., Midgley, G. F. y Millar, D., 2002. Climate change-integrated conservation strategies. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11: 485Ð495.
Hayes, T. B., 2000. Endocrine disruption in amphibians. Pages 573Ð593 in "Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles", editado por D. W. Sparling, G. Linder, y C. Bishop. SETAC Press, Pensacola.
Hayes, T. B., Collins, A., Lee, M., Mendoza, M., Noriega, N., Stuart, A. A. y Vonk, A., 2002. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 5476Ð5480.
Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. y Heinicke, M. P. 2008. New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737: 1Ð181.
Hillis, D. M. 2007. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 331Ð338.
Huntley, B., Berry, P. M., Cramer, W. P. y McDonald, A. P., 1995. Modelling present and potential future ranges of some European higher plants using climate response surfaces. Journal of Biogeography 22: 967Ð1001.
Hurting, A. y San Sebastian, M., 2002. Geographical differences in cancer incidence in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador in relation to residence near oil fields. International Journal of Epidemiology 31: 1021Ð1027.
INEC (Instituto Nacional de Estad’sticas y Censos), 2002. "Difusi—n de Resultados Definitivos del VI Censo de Poblaci—n y V de Vivienda 2001". INEC, Quito.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Cambridge.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (UICN), Conservation International, y Nature Serve. 2006. Global Amphibian Assessment <www.globalamphibians.org>. Date accessed: June 6 2006.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Summary for policy makers. Fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Geneve, Switzerland. 18 pp.
IUCN/SSC Global Amphibian Specialist Group, and Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force, 2005. Amphibian Conservation Summit. Design and Implementation of the Amphibian Conservation Plan. IUCN, DAPTF, SSC, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, D.C.
JimŽnez de la Espada, M., 1875. "Vertebrados del Viaje al Pac’fico Verificado de 1862Ð1865 por una Comisi—n de Naturalistas Enviada por el Gobierno Espa–ol. Batracios". Imprenta Miguel Ginesta, Madrid.
Kimerly, J., 1991. "Amazon Crude". Brickfront Graphics, New York.
Knapp, R. A. y Matthews, K. R., 2000. Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas. Conservation Biology 14: 428Ð438.
La Marca, E. y Lštters, S., 1997. Monitoring of declines in Venezuelan Atelopus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Pp. 207Ð213 in "Herpetologia Bonnensis", editado por W. Bohme, W. Bischoff, y T. Ziegler. Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Bonn.
La Marca, E., Lips, K. R., Lotters, S., Puschendorf, R., Iba–ez, R., Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., Schulte, R., Marty, C., Castro, F., Manzanilla-Puppo, J., Garcia-Perez, J. E., Bola–os, F., Chaves, G., Pounds, J. A., Toral, E. y Young, B. E., 2005. Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus). Biotropica 37: 190Ð201.
Lee B. K. y Ferrer, R. P., 2003. Alien predators and amphibian declines: review of two decades of science and the transition to conservation. Diversity and Distributions 9: 99Ð110.
Lefcort, H., Meguire, R. A., Wilson, L. H. y Ettinger, W. F., 1998. Heavy metals alter the survival, growth, metamorphosis, and antipredatory behavior of Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) tadpoles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:447Ð456.
Lefcort, H., Thomson, S. M., Cowles, E. E., Harowicz, E. L., Livaudais, B. M., Roberts, W. E. y Ettinger, W. F., 1999. The importance of fear: predator and heavy metal mediated competition between tadpoles and snails. Ecological Applications 9: 1477Ð1489.
Licht, L. E., 2003. Shedding light on ultraviolet radiation and amphibian embryos. BioScience 53: 551Ð561.
Lips, K. R., 1998. Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna. Conservation Biology 12: 106Ð117.
Lips, K. R., 1999. Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama. Conservation Biology 13: 117Ð125.
Lips, K. R., Reeve, J. D. y Witters, L. R., 2003. Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology 17: 1078Ð1088.
Lips K. R., F. Brem, R. Brenes, J. D. Reeve, R. A. Alford, J. Voyles, C. Carey, L. Livo, A. P. Pessier, y J. P. Collins. 2006. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a neotropical amphibian community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:3165Ð3170.
Lizana, M. y Pedraza, E. M., 1998. The effects of UV-B radiation on toad mortality in mountainous areas of central Spain. Conservation Biology 12: 703Ð707.
Lštters, S., 1996. "The Neotropical Toad Genus Atelopus, Checklist-Biology-Distribution". M. Vences, y F. Glaw Verlags, Kšln.
Malcolm, J. R., Liu, C., Neilson, R. P., Hansen, L. y Hannah. L., 2006. Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20: 538Ð548.
Merino-Viteri, A., 2001. An‡lisis de posibles causas de las disminuciones de poblaciones de anfibios en los Andes del Ecuador. Licenciatura Thesis, Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Merino-Viteri, A., Coloma, L. A. y Almend‡riz, A., 2005. Los Telmatobius de los Andes del Ecuador y su declive poblacional. Monograf’as de Herpetolog’a 7: 9Ð37.
Molineros, J., 1998. Territorialidad, vocalizaci—n y notas biol—gicas de Colostethus sp. (aff. marchesianus) (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en la Reserva Biol—gica Yuturi, Amazon’a ecuatoriana. Unpublished Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Moore, R. 2007. In search of Atelopus exiguus. Froglog 83: 1Ð2.
Padilla-Torres, S. D. 2005. Actividad reproductiva de dos comunidades de anuros en el Parque Nacional Yasun’. Unpublished Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Palacios, W., Cer—n, C., Valencia, R. y Sierra, R., 1999. Las formaciones naturales de la Amazon’a del Ecuador. Pp. 109Ð118 in "Propuesta Preliminar de un Sistema de Clasificaci—n de Vegetaci—n para el Ecuador Continental", editado por R. Sierra. Proyecto INEFAN/GEF-BIRF and Ecociencia, Quito.
Parmesan, C. y Yohe, G., 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37Ð42.
Parra-Olea, G., Mart’nez-Meyer, E. y PŽrez-Ponce de Le—n, G., 2005. Forecasting climate change effects on salamander distribution in the highlands of Central Mexico. Biotropica 37: 202Ð208.
Peters, J. A., 1973. The frog genus Atelopus in Ecuador (Anura: Bufonidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 154: 1Ð49.
Peterson, A. T., Ortega-Huerta, M. A., Bartley, J., S‡nchez-Cordero, V., Sober—n, J., Buddemeier, R. H. y Stockwell, D. R., 2002. Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. Nature 416: 626Ð629.
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. y Schapire, R. E., 2006. A maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling 190: 231Ð259.
Pimenta, B. V. S., Haddad, C. F. B., Nascimento, L. B., Cruz, C. A. G. y Pombal, J. P., 2005. Comment on "Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide". Science 309: 1999.
Pounds, J. A., Consuegra, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L., Foster, P. N., Masters, K. L., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S. R., S‡nchez-Azofeifa, G. A. y Still, C. J., 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439: 161-167.
Quiguango-Ubillœs, M. A., 1996. Comportamiento social, comunicaci—n y cuidado parental de Colostethus toachi (Anura: Dendrobatidae) en cautiverio. Unpublished Licenciatura Thesis. Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador, Quito.
Quiguango-Ubillœs, M. A. y Coloma, L. A., (in press). Notes on behaviour, communication and reproduction in captive Hyloxalus toachi (Anura: Dendrobatidae), an Endangered Ecuadorian frog. International Zoo Yearbook.
Raimondo, S. M., Rowe, C. L. y Congdon, J. D., 1998. Exposure to coal ash impacts swimming performance and predator avoidance in larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Journal of Herpetology 32: 289Ð292.
Ridgely, R. S. y Greenfield, P. J., 2001. "The Birds of Ecuador". Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Ron, S. R., 2000. Biogeographic area relationships of lowland Neotropical rainforest based on raw distributions of vertebrate groups. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 379Ð402.
Ron, S. R., 2001-2008. Anfibios de Parque Nacional Yasun’, Amazon’a ecuatoriana. [On line]. Ver. 1.6 (2008). Museo de Zoolog’a, Pontificia Universidad Cat—lica del Ecuador. Quito. <http://tropicalfrogs.net/yasuni/index.htm> [Inquiry: 5 December 2008].
Ron, S. R., 2005. Distribution of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the New World: insights from niche models. Biotropica 37: 209Ð221.
Ron, S. R. y Merino-Viteri, A., 2000. Amphibian declines in Ecuador: overview and first report of chytridiomycosis from South America. Froglog 42: 2Ð3.
Ron, S. R., Cannatella, D. C. y Coloma, L. A., 2004. Two new species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Western Ecuador. Herpetologica 60: 261Ð275.
Ron, S. R., Santos, J. C. y Cannatella, D. C., 2006. Phylogeny of the tœngara frog genus Engystomops (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 392-403.
Ron, S. R., Duellman, W. E., Coloma, L. A. y Bustamante, M. R., 2003. Population decline of the jambato toad Atelopus ignescens (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Andes of Ecuador. Journal of Herpetology 37: 116Ð126.
Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., Lynch, J. D. y AmŽzquita, A., 2004. "Libro Rojo de Anfibios de Colombia". Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia". Conservation International Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Ð Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Bogot‡.
San Sebasti‡n, M., Armstrong, B. y Stephens, C., 2002. Reproductive health of women living in the proximity of oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Epidemiology 11: 230.
Santos, J. C., Coloma, L. A. y Cannatella, D. C., 2003. Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 12792Ð12797.
Sierra, R., 1999. "Vegetaci—n Remanente del Ecuador Continental, Circa 1996, 1:1'000.000". Proyecto INEFAN/GEF and Wildlife Conservation Society. Quito.
Sierra, R. y Stallings, J., 1998. The dynamics and social organization of tropical deforestation Northwest Ecuador, 1983-1995. Human Ecology 26: 135Ð159.
Sinsch, U., 1990. Migration and orientation in anuran amphibians. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 2: 65Ð79.
Slade, R. W. y Moritz, C., 1998. Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 265:769Ð777.
Speare, R. y Berger, L., 2000Ð2004. Global distribution of chytridiomycosis in amphibians. [On line]. <http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/chyglob.htm> [Inquiry: 10 March 2004].
Standards and Petitions Working Group. 2006. Guidelines for Using the
IUCN Red
List Categories and Criteria. Version 6.2. Prepared by the Standards and
Petitions Working
Group of the IUCN SSC Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee in December
2006.
Stebbins, R. C. y Cohen, N. W., 1995. "A Natural History of Amphibians". Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L. y Waller, R. T., 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783Ð1786.
Teixeira, J. y Arntzen, J. W., 2002. Potential impact of climate warming on the distribution of the Golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, on the Iberian Peninsula. Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 2167Ð2176.
Thomas C. D., Cameron, A., Green, R. E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L. J., Collingham, Y. C., Erasmus, B. F. N., Ferreira de Siqueira, M., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A. S., Midgley, G. F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M. A., Peterson, A. T., Phillips, O. L. y Williams, S. E., 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427: 145Ð148.
Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araœjo, M. B., Sykes, M. T. y Prentice, I. C., 2005. Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 8245Ð8250.
Toral, E., Frenkell, C. y Salas, A. 2005. Atelopus exiguus. Pp. 75 in ÒRanas ArlequinesÓ, ed. by J. V. Rueda-Almonacid, J. V. Rodriguez-Mahecha, S. L›tters, E. La Marca, T. Kahn y A. Angulo. Conservation International, Bogota.
Valencia, R., Cer—n, C., Palacios, W. y Sierra, R., 1999. Las formaciones naturales de la Sierra del Ecuador. Pp. 79Ð108 in "Propuesta Preliminar de un Sistema de Clasificaci—n de Vegetaci—n para el Ecuador Continental", editado por R. Sierra. Proyecto INEFAN/GEF-BIRF and Ecociencia, Quito.
Valencia, R., Foster, R. B., Villa, G., Condit, R., Svennings, J., Hern‡ndez, C., Romoleroux, K., Losos, E., MagŒrd, E. y Balslev, H., 2004. Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 92: 214Ð229.
Van der Hammen, T. J. y Correal-Urrego, G., 1978. Prehistoric man on the Sabana de Bogot‡: data for an ecological prehistory. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 25: 179Ð190.
Vial J. L., y Saylor, L., 1993. "The Status of Amphibian Populations". Working document No. 1., Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force, World Conservation Union, Gland.
Wiens, J. J., Kuczynski, C. A., Duellman, W. E. & Reeder, T. W. 2007. Loss and re-evolution of complex life cycles in marsupial frogs: does ancestral trait reconstruction mislead? Evolution 61, 1886Ð1899.
Yanez-Mu–oz, M. y Meza-Ramos, P., 2006. Generando informaci—n para conservar a Colostethus delatorreae (Anura: Dendrobatidae): una especie de rana nodriza cr’ticamente amenazada en los andes ecuatorianos. Bolet’n Especies Amenazadas UICN 6: 1-3.
Young, B. E., Lips, K. R., Reaser, J. K., Ib‡–ez, R., Salas, A. W., Cede–o, J. R., Coloma, L. A., Ron, S., La Marca, E., Meyer, J. R., Mu–oz, A., Bola–os, F., Chaves, G. y Romo, D., 2001. Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America. Conservation Biology 15: 1213Ð1223.
Young, B. E., Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A. & Boucher, T. M., 2004. ÒJoyas que est‡n desapareciendo: el estado de los anfibios en el Nuevo MundoÓ. Nature Serve, Arlington, Virginia.